
Python Bitwise Operations Examples
This is part of my tutorial on using the PC printer port to control hardware. The examples are applicable to other languages such as C and assembly.
These are working examples of bit operations under Python and runs under Linux. It requires the use of convBinary.py and both can be downloaded and saved. The file is self explanatory.
To use the printer port one must setup a module (modified by me) pyparallel. How to set this up is on my webpage Programming the PC Printer Port in Python
#!/usr/bin/env python # File examples.py # http://www.bristolwatch.com/pport/index.htm # By Lewis Loflin - lewis@bvu.net # Requires convBinary.py # We will use bitwise AND, OR, XOR, compliment, # left and right shift. # Exploring Python bitwise operators. # This uses examples - feel free to change variables # x, y, and z and study the bit patterns. # Having a scrolling type terminal program # such as lxterminal is best. # Each of these examples can be done from a terminal # or this module can be run as a whole in Linux # on the command line: python examples.py # This can be done from Idle, Geany, or command line # Set Geany to use lxterminal. # I prefer and use Geany over Idle. # These examples work the same way in C and assembly. # convBinary displays results in binary from convBinary import viewNumbers, convBinary ################################################ # Python accepts integers as binary, octal, and hex. # The example below illustrates this and print 7 three times: print 0b0111, 007, 0x07 # Python has functions to convert integers to binary, octal, and hex: # Should print 0b111 07 0x7 print bin(7), oct(7), hex(7) # Notice the leading zeros were dropped with the Python functions. # I wrote my functions viewNumbers, convBinary to show leading zeros. # This helps the student to better picture what is really happening. ################################################ print print # Playing with bits and bytes. # bitwise AND is used for masking out (changing to 0) selected bits: x = 0x55; y = 0xf0; z = x & y print "Ex 1 --> bitwise AND --> z = x & Y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: bits D0-D3 are all cleared to 0s. X in binary = 0b0000000001010101 = 0x55 = dec 85 Y in binary = 0b0000000011110000 = 0xf0 = dec 240 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b0000000001010000 = 0x50 = dec 80 ''' print print x = 0x55; y = 0x01; z = x & y print "Ex 1a --> bitwise AND --> z = x & Y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: all bits 0 except bit 0. Ex 1a - bitwise AND - z = x & Y X in binary = 0b0000000001010101 = 0x55 = dec 85 Y in binary = 0b0000000000000001 = 0x01 = dec 1 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b0000000000000001 = 0x01 = dec 1 ''' print print # bitwise XOR inverts bits when XORed with 1: x = 0x55; y = 0x0f; z = x ^ y print "Ex. 2 --> bitwise XOR --> z = x ^ y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: bits D0-D3 are all inverted. X in binary = 0b0000000001010101 = 0x55 = dec 85 Y in binary = 0b0000000000001111 = 0x0f = dec 15 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b0000000001011010 = 0x5a = dec 90 ''' print print # bitwise OR is used for setting bits: x = 0x55; y = 0x02; z = x | y print "Ex. 3 --> bitwise OR --> z = x | y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: bit D1 was set while the others are unchanged. X in binary = 0b0000000001010101 = 0x55 = dec 85 Y in binary = 0b0000000000000010 = 0x02 = dec 2 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b0000000001010111 = 0x57 = dec 87 ''' print print # The compliment function inverts all bits. # Subtraction in binary is done by adding the compliment # (all bits inverted) in the subtrahend plus 1. x = 15; y = ~15 + 1; z = x + y print "Ex. 4 --> subtraction by adding compliment +1" print "x = 15; y = ~15 + 1; z = x + y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: X in binary = 0b0000000000001111 = 0xf = dec 15 Y in binary = 0b1111111111110001 = -0xf = dec -15 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b0000000000000000 = 0x00 = dec 0 Carry indicates zero or positive number. ''' print print # Let's look at some examples of this. # This is a normal subtraction in Python x = 15; y = 16; z = x - y print "Ex 5 --> x = 15; y = 16; z = x - y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: notice no carry thus negative - python keeps track of this. X in binary = 0b0000000000001111 = 0x0f = dec 15 Y in binary = 0b0000000000010000 = 0x10 = dec 16 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b1111111111111111 = -0x01 = dec -1 No carry is a negative number ''' print print # Another example of subtraction: x = 15; y = 14; z = x - y print "Ex. 6 --> x = 15; y = 14; z = x - y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: has carry thus positive. Python keeps track of this. X in binary = 0b0000000000001111 = 0x0f = dec 15 Y in binary = 0b0000000000001110 = 0x0e = dec 14 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b0000000000000001 = 0x01 = dec 1 Once again carry indicates positive result - but that is hidden. ''' print print # What is really going on at the machine level you don't see? # We compliment the subtrahend and add 1 then add it all together. x = 15 y = ~15 + 1 # invert bits add 1 same as -15 z = x + y # check for carry bit (D16) set (1) is positive or zero, # if clear (0) number is negative. # "z & 0xffff" removes carry bit for display purposes. print "Ex. 7 --> subtraction by compliment +1 --> 0 or positive result" print "x = 15; y = ~15 + 1; z = x + y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: A compliment of a number is simply the number XORed with 0xffff inverting all the bits. Then add 1. You will have to check for carry (D16) bit which Python displays but my program ignores. 65536 is simply the carry bit or D16. Below is in reality 0 with a set carry bit. Use z = z & 0xffff to remove carry bit z will = 0 Ex. 7 X in binary = 0b0000000000001111 = 0x0f = dec 15 Y in binary = 0b1111111111110001 = 0xfff1 = dec 65521 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b0000000000000000 = 0x10000 = dec 65536 = 0 Note bit 16 isn't shown for z. ''' print print # Let's do this now for a negative result. x = 15 y = ~19 + 1 # compliment add 1 same as -19 z = x + y print "Ex. 8 subtraction by compliment +1 --> negative result" print "x = 15; y = ~19 + 1; z = x + y" viewNumbers(x, y, z) print print "If I was to compliment z add 1 I'd get 4." print "Python tracks the carry bit in machine code and knows the sign." print "In this case no carry thus negative." print "~z + 1 = ", ~z + 1 ''' Result: There was no carry so we know this is a negative number. Look closely and add the bits. Ex. 8 X in binary = 0b0000000000001111 = 0x0f = dec 15 Y in binary = 0b1111111111101101 = -0x13 = dec -19 ----------------- Z in binary = 0b1111111111111100 = -0x4 = dec -4 ''' print print # Finally we come to left and right shift. # Note the results of the following: x = 1; y = x << 1; z = y << 1 print "Ex. 9 --> x = 1; y = x << 1; z = y << 1" viewNumbers(x, y, z) ''' Result: Ex. 9 --> x = 1; y = x << 1; z = y << 1 X in binary = 0b0000000000000001 = 0x1 = dec 1 Y in binary = 0b0000000000000010 = 0x2 = dec 2 Z in binary = 0b0000000000000100 = 0x4 = dec 4 Notice bit 0 was shifted two places left = 4. In reality we are multiplying by powers of 2. Using the power function this is pow(2,2) Shifting once twice is the same as shifting two places or 1 << 2. ''' print print x = pow(2,0); y = pow(2,1); z = pow(2,2) print "Ex 9a - x = pow(2,0); y = pow(2,1); z = pow(2,2)" viewNumbers(x, y, z) # results same as ex 9 ''' Result: same as above. Ex 9a - x = pow(2,0); y = pow(2,1); z = pow(2,2) X in binary = 0b0000000000000001 = 0x01 = dec 1 Y in binary = 0b0000000000000010 = 0x02 = dec 2 Z in binary = 0b0000000000000100 = 0x04 = dec 4 ''' print print # 10a. Each shift is multiplying by powers of 2 print "Left shift:" x = 1; x = x << 0 # 1 * pow(2,0) print "x = 1; x << 0 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 1; x = x << 1 # 1 * pow(2,1) print "x = 1; x << 1 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 1; x = x << 2 # 1 * pow(2,2) print "x = 1; x << 2 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 1; x = x << 3 # 1 * pow(2,3) print "x = 1; x << 3 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 1; x = x << 4 # 1 * pow(2,4) print "x = 1; x << 4 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 1; x = x << 5 # 1 * pow(2,5) print "x = 1; x << 5 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 1; x = x << 6 # 1 * pow(2,6) print "x = 1; x << 6 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x ''' Left shift: x = 1; x << 0 = 0b0000000000000001 = 1 x = 1; x << 1 = 0b0000000000000010 = 2 x = 1; x << 2 = 0b0000000000000100 = 4 x = 1; x << 3 = 0b0000000000001000 = 8 x = 1; x << 4 = 0b0000000000010000 = 16 x = 1; x << 5 = 0b0000000000100000 = 32 x = 1; x << 6 = 0b0000000001000000 = 64 ''' print print # 10b. Each right shift is the same divide by powers of 2 print "Right shift:" x = 64; x = x >> 0 # 64 / pow(2,0) print "x = 64; x >> 0 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 64; x = x >> 1 # 64 / pow(2,1) print "x = 64; x >> 1 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 64; x = x >> 2 # 64 / pow(2,2) print "x = 64; x >> 2 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 64; x = x >> 3 # 64 / pow(2,3) print "x = 64; x >> 3 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 64; x = x >> 4 # 64 / pow(2,4) print "x = 64; x >> 4 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 64; x = x >> 5 # 64 / pow(2,5) print "x = 64; x >> 5 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x x = 64; x = x >> 6 # 64 / pow(2,6) print "x = 64; x >> 6 = ", convBinary(x), " = ", x ''' Right shift: x = 64; x >> 0 = 0b0000000001000000 = 64 x = 64; x >> 1 = 0b0000000000100000 = 32 x = 64; x >> 2 = 0b0000000000010000 = 16 x = 64; x >> 3 = 0b0000000000001000 = 8 x = 64; x >> 4 = 0b0000000000000100 = 4 x = 64; x >> 5 = 0b0000000000000010 = 2 x = 64; x >> 6 = 0b0000000000000001 = 1 ''' print print # Ex. 11 # Shift function combined with a bitwise AND allow us # to determine bits status in bytes, integers, etc. # That's also how serial data is read and transmitted. def printBits(value): for x in range(0,16): temp = value & 0x0001 # mask all but bit 0 if temp == 0x0001: print "Bit ", x, " = 1" else: print "Bit ", x, " = 0" value = value >> 1 # shift right repeat test return 0 x = 31234 # choose any number for x to 65535 print "x = ", x, " = ", hex(x), " = ", convBinary(x) print printBits(x) ''' Result: x = 31234 = 0x7a02 = 0b0111101000000010 Bit 0 = 0 Bit 1 = 1 Bit 2 = 0 Bit 3 = 0 Bit 4 = 0 Bit 5 = 0 Bit 6 = 0 Bit 7 = 0 Bit 8 = 0 Bit 9 = 1 Bit 10 = 0 Bit 11 = 1 Bit 12 = 1 Bit 13 = 1 Bit 14 = 1 Bit 15 = 0 ''' # This completes this introduction on binary bit operations. exit
Download pport-1.0.iso from Sourceforge.com then burn to DVD (file size 920 meg.), insert into DVD drive and reboot. Make sure PC is set to boot from DVD ROM.
This is pre-configured by myself to use Python to control the printer port. Python can be run from IDLE or Geany.
All of my PPORT electronics projects will work without installation to a PC.
Programs can be saved to thumb drive in LIVE mode.
Projects
Below are listed a series of projects using pyparallel and electronics. Starting with routines I wrote to aid students I'd advise walking through this in sequence. Have fun and send comments and/or corrections to lewis@bvu.net.
- Introduction to Python Bitwise Operations
- Python Bitwise Operations by Example
- Using the PC Printer Port series:
- Programming the PC Printer Port in Python
- Additional Commands for Py-Parallel
- Controlling Data Bits on the PC Parallel Port
- Connecting Switches to the PC Printer Port with Python
- Reading an Analog Voltage Through the PC Printer Port Part 1
- Reading an Analog Voltage Through the PC Printer Port Part 2
- Controlling a Serial LCD Display on a PC Printer Port with Python
- Serial ADC and LCD Display with PC Printer Port with Python
- Controlling MAX7219 LED Display with PC Printer Port with Python
- MAX7219 8-Digit LED Display and Serial ADC in Python
- Project pages:
- Part 1: Read Arduino with PC Printer Port
- Part 2: Better way to Read Arduino Through the PC Printer Port
- Part 3: Read-Write an Arduino Through a PC Printer Port
- Part 4: Control LCD Display and Arduino from the PC Printer Port
- Arduino sketches needed by programs:
- pportArduino1.ino read only after reset.
- pportArduino2.ino reset once and multiple reads.
- pportArduino3.ino reset once read write Arduino infinite times - multiple commands.
- Related Raspberry Pi projects:
- Connect Serial LCD to Raspberry Pi
- Serial Read from Arduino to Raspberry Pi
- Arduino Raspberry Pi Interface with LCD Display
Linux Videos
- Live Linux Distro for Using Printer Port with Electronics
- Using the powerful Rox-Filer system in Linux
- Use FEH under Linux for a Wallpaper Setter
- How to create Symbolic links in Linux
- Printer Port Interfacing Videos:
- Connect Electronics to PC printer Port with Python
- Setup PC Printer Port with Python-Linux
- Use PC Printer Port to Read Analog Voltage
- Read-Write Arduino ADC PWN with Printer Port
- Printer Port to Serial LCD Display
- Connect Arduino to PC Printer Port for advanced control
Printer Port in C
- Exploring Digital Computer Electronics
- Hardware Review Connecting PC Parallel Ports
- Operation TB6600 Stepper Controller with PC Parallel Port
- Build or Buy Parallel Port Breakout Board?
- Build Serial HD44780 LCD Display Connect to Parallel Port
- Motherboards
- Presario 1999 CM1001 Gaming Computer Salvage
- Live Test 2002 VIA EPIA-800 Mini ITX Motherboard
- Salvage, Test 2012 AAEON EMB-B75A Industrial Motherboard
- Web Master
- Gen. Electronics
- YouTube Channel
- Arduino Projects
- Raspberry Pi & Linux
- PIC18F2550 in C
- PIC16F628A Assembly
- PICAXE Projects
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If using this material on another site, please provide a link back to my site.